Computer engineering lecture notes pdf

They report problems to the system developers. System will be difficult and expensive to maintain. Note that most systems require a set of basic facilities that are used by different parts of the system. It may be part of a contract between the system buyer and the software developers. It should include user and system requirements. COTS vs. Reasons: 62 Overview download. Supplier likely to exists in future? If not in business, who can maintain the system?

Support software crashes and forces system restarts? Significant economic and business benefits when moving to more modern systems? Significant effect on system users? High costs associated with support? Considering system replacement? High annual licensing costs? Device driver is the software with which the device controller communicates with the operating system. A process is a program in a state of execution. It is a unit of work for the operating system.

A process can be created, executed, and stopped. In contrast, a program is always static and does not have any state. A program may have two or more processes running. A process and a program are, thus, two different entities. The process management function of an operating system handles allocation of resources to the processes in an efficient manner. The allocation of resources required by a process is made during process creation and process execution.

A process changes its state as it is executed. A standard process describes the steps needed for processing to take place. The Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle of a computer is the process by which a computer: 1. This cycle is repeated continuously by the central processing unit CPU , from bootup to when the computer is shut down.

FECTH The first step the CPU carries out is to fetch some data and instructions program from main memory then store them in its own internal temporary memory areas. The CPU places the address of the next item to be fetched on to the address bus. Each make of CPU has different instruction set. The CPU decodes the instruction and prepares various areas within the chip in readiness of the next step.

The instruction is carried out upon the data executed. The result of this processing is stored in yet another register. Once the execute stage is complete, the CPU sets up to begin another cycle once more. Applied computer science aims at identifying certain computer science concepts that can be used directly in solving real world problems.

Modern cryptography is largely related to computer science, for many encryption and decryption algorithms are based on their computational complexity. The study is connected to many other fields in computer science, including computer vision, image processing, and computational geometry, and is heavily applied in the fields of special effects and video games.

It focuses largely on the way by which the central processing unit performs internally and accesses addresses in memory. The field often involves disciplines of computer engineering and electrical engineering, selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance, and cost goals.

The skills include server setup, support and administration, network setup, troubleshooting and repair, identifying and implementing security policies, and installing appropriate hardware and software to support a secure and robust network.

In practical use, it is typically the application of computer simulation and other forms of computation to problems in various scientific disciplines. Integrating technology with teaching means the use of learning technologies to introduce, reinforce, supplement and extend skills.

This process of determining where and how technology fits is known among users of educational technology as integration. In the exemplary classrooms, student use of computers is woven integrally into the p a t t e r n s o f teaching; software is a natural extension of student tools. Rather the function of technol ogy in schools is to enhance teaching and learning. Using technology in any other way is not true integration. I n g e n e r a l m o s t effective approach is one of solving instructional problems.

T h e y c o u l d e a s i l y a c c e s s a n a l m o s t l i m i t l e s s variety of resources and share information with their peers anytime, anywhere since electronic communication compose no boundaries of time or geographical l o c a t i o n. A number of the websites may help learners in a mixed skills and activities for accelerated s t u d e n t s a n d r e m e d i a l o r t u t o r i a l material for slower learners.

The pupils themselves say that they pay more attention during class and his is especially true for pupils in the 5th grade. The study finds also that ICT supports differentiation: primary schools report that most teachers have experienced a favorable impact on both academically strong and academically weak students when using ICT. Pupils who use the computer more than six hours a week report they learn more when using computers than those who use the computer less frequently.

Students demonstrated a strong engagement with tasks, even working over break times to complete their work. It reduced the gap between the pupils with poorer educational situations and the national average by making them motivated to go to school -with the help of ICT. During the project, ICT was used in an innovative way. It explored with pupils aged factors such as repetition and sequences, variation, combination, complementarities and contrasts, movement and rhythm, and proportions.

The different disciplines, such as mathematics and music, were examined in the same way. ICT improves pupils' performance, provided software is used appropriately and coherently in terms of curriculum objectives. ICT can offer meaningful opportunities for communication and cooperation.

Discuss how ICT facilitates E-learning in education sector ICT enhancing teaching and learning process: ICTs have the potential to accelerate, enrich, and deepen Skills, to motivate and engage students, to help relate school experience to work practices, create Economic viability for tomorrow's workers, as well as strengthening teaching and helping schools change.

ICTs by their very nature are tools that encourage and support independent learning. Students using ICTs for learning purposes become immersed in the process of learning and as more and more students use computers as information sources and cognitive tools.

Teachers generate meaningful and engaging learning experiences for their students, strategically using ICT to enhance learning. Students enjoy learning, and the independent enquiry which innovative and appropriate use of ICT can foster.

They begin to acquire the important 21st century skills which they will need in their future lives. ICT enhancing the quality and accessibility of education: ICT increases the flexibility of delivery of education so that learners can access knowledge anytime and from anywhere. It can influence the way students are taught and how they learn as now the processes are learner driven and not by teachers.

This in turn would better prepare the learners for lifelong learning as well as to improve the quality of learning. With the help of ICT, students can now browse through e-books, sample examination papers; previous year papers etc. This flexibility has heightened the availability of just-in-time learning and provided learning opportunities for many more learners who previously were constrained by other commitments.

Wider availability of best practices and best course material in education, which can be shared by means of ICT, can foster better teaching. ICT also allows the academic institutions to reach disadvantaged groups and new international educational markets. As well as learning at anytime, teachers are also finding the capabilities of teaching at any time to be opportunistic and able to be used to advantage.

Mobile technologies and seamless communications technologies support 24x7 teaching and learning. Choosing how much time will be used within the 24x7 envelope and what periods of time are challenges that will face the educators of the future. Thus, ICT enabled education will ultimately lead to the democratization of education.

Especially in developing countries like India, effective use of ICT for the purpose of education has the potential to bridge the digital divide. ICT enhancing learning Environment: ICT presents an entirely new learning environment for students, thus requiring a different skill set to be successful. Critical thinking, research, and evaluation skills are growing in importance as students have increasing volumes of information from a variety of sources to sort through. ICT is changing processes of teaching and learning by adding elements of vitality to learning environments including virtual environments for the 6purpose.

ICT is a potentially powerful tool for offering educational opportunities. It is difficult and maybe even impossible to imagine future learning environments that are not supported, in one way or another, by Information and Communication Technologies ICT.

When looking at the current widespread diffusion and use of ICT in modern societies, especially by the young the so-called digital generation then it should be clear that ICT will affect the complete learning process today and in the future Learning environments need to reflect the potential uses of knowledge that pupils are expected to master, in order to prevent the acquired knowledge from becoming inert. In addition, teachers should stimulate pupils to engage in active knowledge construction.

This calls for open-ended learning environments instead of learning environments which focus on a mere transmission of facts. This refers not only to the number of computers, but also to the placement of the equipment, e. The ICT environment has been developed by using different software and also the extended experience in developing web based and multimedia materials. ICTs have an important role to play in changing and modernizing educational systems and ways of learning.

ICT enhancing learning motivation: ICTs can enhance the quality of education in several ways, by increasing learner motivation and engagement, by facilitating the acquisition of basic skills, and by enhancing teacher training.

ICTs are also transformational tools which, when used appropriately, can promote the shift to a learner centered environment. ICTs, especially computers and Internet technologies, enable new ways of teaching and learning rather than simply allow teachers and students to do what they have done before in a better way. ICT has an impact not only on what students should learn, but it also plays a major role on how the students should learn. ICT provides-Motivation to Learn. ICTs such as videos, television and multimedia computer software that combine text, sound, and colourful moving images can be used to provide challenging and authentic content that will engage the student in the learning process.

Interactive radio likewise makes use of sound effects, songs, dramatizations, comic skits, and other performance conventions to compel the students to listen and become more involved in the lessons being delivered.

Some of the parents of the respondents opined that their children were feeling more motivated than before in such type of teaching in the classroom rather than the stereotype 45 minutes lecture. They were of the view that this type of learning process is much more effective than the monotonous monologue classroom situation where the teacher just lectures from a raised platform and the students just listen to the teacher.

ICT changes the characteristics of problems and learning tasks, and hence play an important task as mediator of cognitive development, enhancing the acquisition of generic cognitive competencies as essential for life in our knowledge society. Students using ICTs for learning purposes become immersed in the process of learning and as more and more students use computers as information sources and cognitive tools, the influence of the technology on supporting how students learn will continue to increase.

Learning approaches using contemporary ICTs provide many opportunities for constructivist learning through their provision and support for resource-based, student centered settings and by enabling learning to be related to context and to practice.

The teachers could make their lecture more attractive and lively by using multi- media and on the other hand the students were able to capture the lessons taught to them easily. As they found the class very interesting, the teachings also retained in their mind for a longer span which supported them during the time of examination.

More so than any other type of ICT, networked computers with Internet connectivity can increase learner motivation as it combines the media richness and interactivity of other ICTs with the opportunity to connect with real people and to participate in real world events.

ICT-enhanced learning is student-directed and diagnostic. Unlike static, text-or print-based educational technologies, ICT-enhanced learning recognizes that there are many different learning pathways and many different articulations of knowledge. ICTs allow learners to explore and discover rather than merely listen and remember. ICT can engage and inspire students, and this has been cited as a factor influencing ready adaptors of ICT.

ICTs are said to help expand access to education, strengthen the relevance of education to the increasingly digital workplace, and raise educational quality.

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